non-enzymatic antioxidants such as reduced
glutathione and vitamin C and E, as well as enzymatic
systems like SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and
glutathione reductase.
If oxygenated mitochondria are supplied with insufficient electrons, for example when ATP demand is low, this will increase the potential for creation of incompletely reduced oxygen atoms i.e. superoxide O2−, an oxygen free-radical. As mentioned above, limb immobilization results in increased ROS generation